Civil Law
Negligence & Duty of Care অবহেলা ও সতর্কতার দায়িত্ব
When someone acts carelessly, ignoring their basic responsibility to avoid harming others, resulting in foreseeable injury or financial loss.
Criminal Law
Mens Rea (Guilty Mind) অপরাধমূলক মানসিকতা
An act alone does not make a person guilty unless their mind was also guilty. Criminal law usually requires proving both the physical crime and wrongful intention.
Constitutional Law
Habeas Corpus (Produce the Body) হেবিয়াস কর্পাস (বেআইনি আটকের বিরুদ্ধে রিট)
The ultimate constitutional shield against unlawful arrest or secret police detention. The High Court forces the state to immediately bring the detainee to court or release them.
Commercial & Contract
Breach of Contract & Liquidated Damages চুক্তি ভঙ্গ ও ক্ষতিপূরণ
When one party fails to perform their side of a legally binding promise without a valid legal excuse, entitling the innocent party to compensation or specific enforcement.
Civil Law
Strict & Absolute Liability চরম দায়বদ্ধতা (কঠোর দায়)
Liability imposed on dangerous activities (like handling toxic chemicals or wild explosives). Even if you took every imaginable precaution, if it escapes and hurts someone, you must pay.
Constitutional Law
Ultra Vires (Beyond the Powers) ক্ষমতাবহির্ভূত কাজ (আল্ট্রা ভাইয়ার্স)
When a government official, board, or minister makes a rule or decision they had no legal authority to make. The court strikes it down as completely void and null.
Evidence & Procedure
Res Judicata (A Matter Already Judged) রেস জুডিকাটা (বিচারিত বিষয়)
Prevents endless lawsuits over the same dispute. Once a final decision is delivered after hearing both sides, neither party can sue again on the exact same facts.
Commercial & Contract
Arbitration & Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) সালিশি ও বিকল্প বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তি
Resolving business or international contract fights outside lengthy court trials using an agreed neutral expert. Faster, confidential, and globally enforceable.
Constitutional Law
Due Process of Law যথাযথ আইনি প্রক্রিয়া (ডিউ প্রসেস অব ল)
The government cannot arbitrarily punish you, freeze your bank account, or seize your house without following clear, pre-established fair rules, proper notice, and an independent judge.
Evidence & Procedure
Jurisdiction & Judicial Competence আদালতের এখতিয়ার ও বিচারিক সক্ষমতা
The specific boundary of what a court is authorized to judge. If a family court tries to issue a murder conviction, or a local magistrate rules on foreign maritime borders, they lack jurisdiction and the ruling is invalid.
Civil Law
Legal Liability & Vicarious Responsibility আইনি দায় ও প্রতিনিধিত্বমূলক দায়
Legal accountability: when you or your company must legally pay for harm caused. Under vicarious liability, an employer is also responsible if their employee causes damage while doing their job.
Commercial & Contract
Contract & Lawful Consideration চুক্তি ও বৈধ প্রতিদান
A valid contract is not just a one-sided promise. There must be an exchange of value ("something for something"), such as money paid in exchange for software, services, or goods.
Criminal Law
Presumption of Innocence & Burden of Proof নির্দোষতার আইনি অনুমান ও প্রমাণের দায়
You do not have to prove you are innocent. The state and police must bring solid, convincing evidence proving your guilt beyond any reasonable doubt before a court can convict you.
Constitutional Law
Principles of Natural Justice (Audi Alteram Partem) প্রাকৃতিক ন্যায়বিচারের মূলনীতি (উভয় পক্ষের বক্তব্য শ্রবণ)
Two supreme rules of justice: 1. Always hear both sides before deciding. 2. A judge or official with a personal financial or family stake in a dispute can never be the judge in that dispute.